R. Veenhoven, Wellbeing in the welfare state
Appendix 1: Data matrix

VARIABLES		COUNTRIES											
		RA		AUS		A		B		BR		BG		CDN		RCH		CHN		CS		DK	
Wellbeing												
Level of wellbeing
 subjective health 	1 - 5
    1980
    1990
 length of life	years   1980
    1990
 mood level 	-5 - +5
    1980
    1990
 life satisfaction 	1 - 10
    1980
    1990
 overall happiness	1 - 4
    1980
    1990	
	
	3,55
	3,67
	
	69,10
	72,1
	
	0,94
	1,26

	7,25
	
	2,59
	3,07	
	
	4,03

	75,10
	77,60
	
	2,04

	7,90

	
	3,30	

	3,69
	
	73,00
	76,20

	1,77

	6,51

	3,20	
	
	4,09
	3,97
	
	73,40
	76,40
	
	1,44
	1,48
	
	7,37
	7,65
	
	3,28
	3,31	

	3,91
	
	63,50
	66,30

	1,16

	7,39

	2,94	

	3,51
	
	71,00
	71,00

	

	5,04

	2,33	
	
	4,17
	4,15
	
	75,20
	77,40
	
	2,27
	2,31
	
	7,84
	7,65
	
	3,31
	3,05	

	3,62
	
	64,50
	70,00

	1.03

	7,55

	3,03	

	3,91
	
	70,00
	68,50

	1,46

	7,05

	2,92	

	3,42
	
	70,70
	71,30

	0,76

	6,30

	2,67	
	
	4,32
	4,17
	
	74,90
	75,30
	
	1,97
	1,93
	
	8,21
	8,16
	
	3,26
	3,36	
Equality in wellbeing
SD subjective health
    1980
    1990
Gini length of life
    1980
    1990
SD mood level
    1980
    1990
SD life satisfaction
    1980
    1990
SD overall happiness
    1980
    1990	

	0,88
	0,94

	

	1,93

	2,11
	2,03

	0,64
	0,82	
	
	0,96

	0,102

	

	1,75

	0,55

	
	1,05
	
	0,111

	
	1,97

	3,37
	
	0,69
	0,63	
	
	0,88
	0,86
	
	0,109

	1,96
	1,97
	
	1,82
	1,89
	
	0,58
	0,65	

	0,84
	
	0,240

	
	2,07
	
	2,05
	2,41
	
	0,69
	0,72	

	0,92

	

	

	2,29

	0,77	
	
	0,83
	0,91
	
	0,114

	1,88
	1,91
	
	1,73
	1,73
	
	0,54
	0,80	

	0,83

	

	1,99

	2,21

	0,83	

	0,98

	

	2,19

	2,10

	0,83	

	0,81

	

	1,68

	2,15

	0,63	
	
	0,86
	0,98
	
	0,104

	1,79
	1,85
	
	1,86
	1,89
	
	0,35
	0,62	
State welfare												
Size of state welfare budget
% social security expenditure pc
   1980
   1989	
	
	8,90
	3,700	
	
	10,90
	7,700	
	
	21,40
	23,90	
	
	24,90

	5,10
	3,400	
	
	9,70
	14,70	
	
	13,20
	17,40	
	
	10,60
	9,900	

	3,400	
	
	18,90
	21,70	
	
	26,20
	27,50	
Living standards													
real purchasing power pc in $ 
   1980
   1990	
	
	4295	
	8349
	16051	
	8230
	16504	
	9228
	16381	
	3356
	4718	
	
	4700	
	11332
	19232	
	
	5099	
	
	1990	
	
	7300	
	9598
	16781	

Appendix 1, contd.

VARIABLES		COUNTRIES											
		DDR		EW		SF		F		GR		H		IS		IND		IRE		IL		I	
Wellbeing												
Level of wellbeing
 subjective health 	1 - 5
    1980
    1990
 length of life	years
    1980
    1990
 mood level 	-5 - +5
    1980
    1990
 life satisfaction 	1 - 10
    1980
    1990
 overall happiness	1 - 4
    1980
    1990	

	3,54
	
	72,00
	72,00

	1,25

	6,72

	2,96	

	3,28

	69,30

	0,77

	6,00

	2,58	
	
	4,06
	4,03
	
	73,60
	75,70

	1,18
	
	7,91
	7,68
	
	3,10
	3.09	
	
	3,65
	3,79
	
	75,00
	76,90
	
	1,00
	1,33
	
	6,66
	6,78
	
	3,11
	3,16	

	
	
	76,00
	77,60

	

	

	2,77	
	
	3,23
	3,02
	
	77,10
	69,00
	
	1,44
	0,86
	
	6,93
	6,03
	
	2,85
	2,72	
	
	4,03
	4,12
	
	76,10
	78,20
	
	2,48
	2,53
	
	8,09
	8,02
	
	3,40
	3,38	

	3,44
	
	55,40
	60,40

	0,72

	6,22

	2,81	
	
	4,42
	4,20
	
	72,30
	75,30
	
	1,63
	2,00
	
	7,82
	7,88
	
	3,36
	3,36	

	
	
	73,80
	76,50

	

	

	2,88	
	
	3,57
	3,70
	
	74,40
	77,50
	
	0,87
	1,25
	
	6,62
	7,26
	
	2,87
	2,98	
Equality in wellbeing
SD subjective health
    1980
    1990
Gini length of life
    1980
    1990
SD mood level
    1980
    1990
SD life satisfaction
    1980
    1990
SD overall happiness
    1980
    1990	

	0,91

	

	1,90

	1,97

	0,58	

	0,81

	

	1,78

	2,13

	0,66	
	
	0,92
	0,82
	
	0,102

	
	2,03
	
	1,41
	1,88
	
	0,51
	0,59	
	
	0,96
	0,84
	
	0,109

	1,79
	1,91
	
	2,11
	1,98
	
	0,55
	0,57	

	
	
	0,126

	

	

	

	0,92
	1,03
	
	0,131

	
	1,77
	
	2,41
	2,45
	
	0,66
	0,75	
	
	0,94
	0,90
	
	0,094

	1,57
	1,68
	
	1,62
	1,60
	
	0,60
	0,56	

	0,93
	
	0,363

	
	1,82
	
	1,89
	2,28
	
	0,71
	0,78	
	
	0,80
	0,88
	
	0,105

	2,03
	2,18
	
	1,89
	1,93
	
	0,60
	0,64	

	

	

	

	

		
	
	0,86
	0,77
	
	0,108

	1,95
	1,91
	
	2,52
	2,07
	
	0,64
	0,60	
State welfare												
Size of state welfare budget
% social security expenditure pc
   1980
   1989	
	
	16,00
	15,60	

		
	
	17,40
	20,60	
	
	25,00
	25,90	
	
	11,60
	16,60	
	
	18,20

	7,10
	6,700	
	
	1,50
	0,300	
	
	19,10
	18,00	
	
	13,00
	12,30	
	
	17,10
	22,50	
Living standards													
real purchasing power pc in $ 
   1980
   1990		
	
	9423	
	
	6438	
	8393
	16446	
	9688
	17405	
	4383
	7366	
	
	6116	
	9285
	16496	
	614
	1072	
	4929
	10589	
	
	10840	
	7164
	15890	

Appendix 1, contd.

VARIABLES		COUNTRIES											
		J		LR		LT		L		MAL		MEX		NI		NZ		NL		WAN		N	
Wellbeing												
Level of wellbeing
 subjective health 	1 - 5
    1980
    1990
 length of life	years
    1980
    1990
 mood level 	-5 - +5
    1980
    1990
 life satisfaction 	1 - 10
    1980
    1990
 overall happiness	1 - 4
    1980
    1990	
	
	3,34
	3,44
	
	76,10
	79,50
	
	0,26
	0,39
	
	6,58
	6,53
	
	2,98
	3,00	

	3,25

	69,10

	0,92

	5,70

	2,52	

	3,38

	70,40

	0,60

	6,01

	2,53	

	
	
	72,40
	75,70

	

	

	3,18	

	

	

	

	

		
	
	3,41
	3,85
	
	64,10
	70,80
	
	1,58
	1,38
	
	4,89
	7,41
	
	3,14
	2,95	
	
	4,13
	4,06

	74,00
	
	1,87
	1,69
	
	7,68
	7,89
	
	3,33
	3,29	

	
	
	73,80
	75,50

	

	

	3,18	
	
	4,08
	4,01
	
	76,30
	77,40
	
	1,51
	1,70
	
	7,71
	7,84
	
	3,30
	3,39	

	4,05
	
	37,00
	50,40

	1,57

	6,42

	2,93	
	
	4,08
	4,04
	
	76,30
	76,90
	
	2,27
	2,31
	
	7,90
	7,68
	
	3,31
	3,23	
Equality in wellbeing
SD subjective health
    1980
    1990
Gini length of life
    1980
    1990
SD mood level
    1980
    1990
SD life satisfaction
    1980
    1990
SD overall happiness
    1980
    1990	

	0,81
	0,82

	0,087

	
	1,58

	1,89
	1,75

	0,63
	0,61	

	0,68

	

	1,78

	2,44

	0,60	

	0,79

	

	1,79

	2,35

	0,62	

	
	
	0,118

	

	

	

	

	

	

	

	

	0,88
	0,80
	
	0,209

	
	1,98
	
	3,89
	2,16
	
	0,75
	0,79	
	
	0,96
	0,86

	
	
	2,10
	2,09
	
	1,92
	1,80
	
	0,57
	0,60	

	

	

	

	

		
	
	0,79
	0,84
	
	0,094

	1,69
	1,93
	
	1,61
	1,58
	
	0,51
	0,64	

	0,99

	

	2,12

	2,71

	1,05	
	
	0,90
	1,01
	
	0,096

	1,77
	1,96
	
	1,86
	1,77
	
	0,59
	0,58	
State welfare												
Size of state welfare budget
% social security expenditure pc
   1980
   1990	
	
	10,00

	

	

	23,50

	

	1,90

	

	17,30

	27,30

	0,01

	19,70
		
Living standards													
real purchasing power pc in $ 
   1980
   1990	
	8117
	17616	
	
	6457	
	
	4913	
	10173
	19244	

	4333
	5918	
	
	13197	
	
	13481	
	9036
	15695	
	
	1215	
	11094
	16028	

Appendix 1, contd.

VARIABLES		COUNTRIES											
		RP		PL		P		RO		SU		ZA		ROK		SGP		SLO		E		S	
Wellbeing												
Level of wellbeing
 subjective health 	1 - 5
    1980
    1990
 length of life	years
    1980
    1990
 mood level 	-5 - +5
    1980
    1990
 life satisfaction 	1 - 10
    1980
    1990
 overall happiness	1 - 4
    1980
    1990	

	
	
	64,60
	66,30

	

	

	3,08	

	
	
	70,70
	71,10

	1,46

	6,64

	2,97	

	3,39
	
	71,80
	74,60

	1,32

	7,08

	2,83	

	3,40
	
	69,80
	69,90

	1,71

	5,88

	2,63	

	3,07
	
	70,00
	67,60

	1,33

	5,35

	2,53	
	
	3,90
	3,91
	
	53,50
	62,90
	
	1,82
	1,62
	
	6,69
	6,20
	
	2,94
	2,82	
	
	3,15

	65,90
	71,10

	

	6,69

	2,86	

	
	
	71,40

	

	

	

	
	3,28

	71,00

	1,53

	6,29

	2,62	
	
	3,50
	3,59
	
	75,60
	77,60
	
	0,57
	0,77
	
	6,60
	7,14
	
	2,98
	3,04	
	
	4,04
	4,21
	
	76,20
	78,20
	
	2,54
	2,90
	
	8,02
	7,97
	
	3,24
	3,36	
Equality in wellbeing
SD subjective health
    1980
    1990
Gini length of life
    1980
    1990
SD mood level
    1980
    1990
SD life satisfaction
    1980
    1990
SD overall happiness
    1980
    1990	

	

	0,351

	

	

	0,66

	

	

	
	1,95

	2,35

	0,50	

	0,97
	
	0,144

	
	1,92

	2,15

	0,67	

	0,92

	

	2,00

	2,33

	0,68	

	0,79

	

	1,95

	2,40

	0,67	
	
	0,94
	0,98

	

	2,61
	
	2,28
	2,71
	
	0,85
	0,90	
	
	0,94

	

	

	2,14
	2,38
	
	0,55
	0,63	

	
	
	0,114

	

	

	0,53

	
	0,97

	

	1,72

	2,21

	0,71	
	
	0,96
	0,90
	
	0,121

	1,71
	1,83
	
	2,00

	0,69
	0,63	
	
	0,93
	0,86
	
	0,092

	1,60
	1,62
	
	1,74

	0,57
	0,58	
State welfare												
Size of state welfare budget
% social security expenditure pc
   1980
   1990	
	
	0,50
	0,700	
	
	15,50
	9,800	
	
	8,70
	10,00	
	
	8,40
	11,30	
	
	14,00
	10,80	

		

		
	
	3,40
	6,900	

		
	
	15,10
	16,80	
	
	30,90
	33,60	
Living standards													
real purchasing power pc in $ 
   1980
   1990		
	1551
	2303	
	
	4237	
	3733
	8770	
	
	2800	
	
	7968	
	4286
	4865	
	2369
	6733	
	5817

		
	6131
	11723	
	8863
	17014	

Appendix 1, contd.

VARIABLES		COUNTRIES							
		CH		T		TR		GB		USA		D-W		WR	
Wellbeing								
Level of wellbeing
 subjective health 	1 - 5
    1980
    1990
 length of life	years
    1980
    1990
 mood level 	-5 - +5
    1980
    1990
 life satisfaction 	1 - 10
    1980
    1990
 overall happiness	1 - 4
    1980
    1990	

	4,12
	
	76,20
	78,00

	0.93

	8,39

	3,30	

	

	

	

	

		

	3,70
	
	66,60
	66,50

	0,60

	6,41

	3,08	
	
	4,04
	4,03
	
	74,30
	76,20
	
	1,40
	1,59
	
	7,67
	7,47
	
	3,34
	3,28	
	
	4,08
	4,14
	
	74,00
	76,00
	
	2,02
	2,23
	
	7,67
	7,71
	
	3,32
	3,28	
	
	3,48
	3,56
	
	73,95
	76,00
	
	1,39
	1,44
	
	7,25
	7,22
	
	2,96
	3,04	

	3,15

	69,80

	0,77
	
	7,26
	5,52

	2,46	
Equality in wellbeing
SD subjective health
    1980
    1990
Gini length of life
    1980
    1990
SD mood level
    1980
    1990
SD life satisfaction
    1980
    1990
SD overall happiness
    1980
    1990	

	0,80

	0,097

	

	
	1,75

	0,58	

	

	

	

	

		

	0,84

	

	1,73

	2,45

	0,75	
	
	0,97
	0,93
	
	0,100

	2,06
	2,13
	
	1,92
	1,94
	
	0,56
	0,66	
	
	0,95
	0,89
	
	0,111

	2,03
	2,02
	
	1,96
	1,83
	
	0,62
	0,68	
	
	0,94
	0,96
	
	0,109

	1,47
	2,19
	
	1,91
	1,92
	
	0,53
	0,55	

	0,71

	

	1,90

	2,24
	
	0,73
	0,71	
State welfare								
Size of state welfare budget
% social security expenditure pc
   1980
   1990	
	
	12.80
	13,20	

		
	
	4,10
	5,900	
	
	17,20
	16,20	
	
	11,80
	11,70	
	
	23,10
	22,10	

		
Living standards									
real purchasing power pc in $ 
   1980
   1990		
	10013
	20874	

	
	4652	
	7975
	15804	
	11404
	21449	
	9795
	20448	
	
	5727	

Appendix 2 Data sources
Variable	Measurement	Source	
Wellbeing			
  Health
  * Subjective health

       * national level
       * inequality between citizens	
Single survey question: "All in all, how is your health at present?"  Very poor (1) .....very good (5)
   * average 
   * standard deviation	
World Value Surveys, item 83
WVS 1994	
  * Length of life
       * national level
       * inequality between citizens	
estimate based on age-specific mortality (life expectancy)
dispersion in mortality tables, expressed in Gini-coefficients	
UNDP 1996
Veenhoven 1992a p. 134	
  Happiness
  * Mood

       * national level
       * inequality between citizens	
10 survey questions about occurrence of feelings in recent weeks: 5 positive and 5 negative feelings, answers (yes/no) summarised in Affect Balance Scale (-5 tot +5)
   * average
   * standard deviation	World Values Surveys
items 83-93
WVS 1994	
  * Satisfaction with own life
       * national level
       * inequality between citizens	Single survey question: "All in all, how satisfied are you with your life as a whole? Indicate on a scale from 10 (satisfied) to 1 (dissatisfied)".
   * average
   * standard deviation	World Values Surveys
item 96
WVS 1994	
  * Overall happiness
       * national level
       * inequality between citizens	Single survey question: "All in all, are you: Very happy (4), fairly happy (3), not very happy (2) or not happy at all (1)?"
   * average
   * standard deviation	World Values Surveys
item 18
WVS 1994	
State welfare
size of state welfare budget	Expenditure on compulsory insurance for: illness, disablement, old age, unemployment, inability to work and child benefit	ILO 1996	
Living standards
purchasing power per capita	Amount of goods/services which average citizen can buy.
Income parities determined using standard package.	UNDP 1996